Dissociative Identity Disorder Diagnosis and Prevalence

Dissociative Identity Disorder Diagnosis and Prevalence BPD Related Conditions Print Dissociative Identity Disorder Diagnosis and Prevalence By Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD, is a clinical psychologist and associate professor of psychology at Eastern Connecticut State University. Learn about our editorial policy Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on April 05, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on December 05, 2019 ByeByeTokyo/iStockphoto More in BPD Related Conditions Diagnosis Treatment Living With BPD Dissociative identity disorder (DID), which used to be called multiple personality disorder, is one of the dissociative disorders listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Dissociative disorders all have a central feature of dissociation,” or a disruption in the normally integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, and perception. In DID, you may experience the presence of two or more distinct identities or personalities, also known as alters. These personalities recurrently take control of your behavior and you often experience a loss of memory for what happened while another personality or alter is in control. Diagnosis The diagnostic criteria for DID  as described in the DSM-5 are as follows: The presence of two or more distinct identities or personalities, each with its own pattern of interpreting and relating to the environment. The presence of these personalities can be self-reported or observed by a therapist for diagnosis.Amnesia must occur, limiting how much a person can remember about both traumatic events and daily occurrences.The person must have difficulty in their daily functioning.The symptoms are not part of cultural or religious practice.The symptoms are not resulting from the use of any substance, such as alcohol or medication. DID vs. Borderline Personality Disorder People with DID often report the experience of severe physical and sexual abuse during childhood and also frequently have concurrent symptoms of borderline personality disorder (BPD), including self-harming behaviors, impulsive behaviors, and instability in relationships. This may be related to the fact that childhood abuse is a risk factor for both conditions. One theory about the development of DID proposes that people with DID have experienced a psychological trauma so severe that the only way to manage that trauma is to develop very strong dissociation as a coping mechanism. Over time, chronic dissociation leads to the formation of different identities. While dissociation is also a symptom of borderline personality disorder, usually the dissociation seen in BPD does not happen as frequently or as severely as in DID. That being said, someone with the symptoms of DID and BPD may receive a diagnosis of both disorders. In addition, if you have DID, you may experience other trauma-related symptoms, including nightmares, flashbacks, or other symptoms characteristic of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Prevalence Controversy Dissociative identity disorder is a very rare condition. It is so rare that it is difficult to study, so little research has been conducted on people with DID. That being said, one study found that about one percent of women have DID. Of course, more studies are needed to confirm this finding. Interestingly, there has been a recent surge in the diagnosis of DID. However, it is not clear whether this is due to a greater awareness of the disorder by mental health professionals or to misdiagnosis. There has long been controversy within the field of mental health about whether or not DID exists. There is evidence that people with DID are more susceptible to hypnosis and suggestibility. This has led some experts to argue that the separate identities experienced by people with DID may be the result of suggestion. Other experts, however, argue that there are recent studies that refute this idea of suggestion. For example, some studies have demonstrated that the different personalities of a person with DID have different physiological profiles, including different brain activation patterns or cardiovascular responses. These studies have been used as evidence for the existence of actual alters. Overall, studies on DID are limited  and it remains a controversial diagnosis. However, the diagnosis is now gaining more acceptance in the mental health community and we are learning more about how to treat DIDâ€"a positive and hopeful development.

The Lesbians, Bisexual, Transgender, and Gay Community and...

Today’s widespread liberty has brought a life to every individual which was inconceivable in the ages of conservatism. Although the alteration in our life commonly accepted heading in a direction of the better, there are some fields in this better life where people tend to have abusive, violent and endless debates. The most controversial topic connected straight to the LGBTI (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex) people. While growing amount of sex change surgeries are performed, its public judgement reached extremity due to the disagreement between those, who think it shouldn’t be regulated by the state and advertising these operation doesn’t violate the individual’s liberty and the others, who state its opposite. From the 1980’s has been a lot of organizations and â€Å"Pride parades† advertising the lifestyle being â€Å"other†, however, the codification to the law which shelter the right of these people started in the recent years. The latest report voted by the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home affairs of European Parliament, urge the Member States to develop action plans promoting respect for LGBT persons and protection of their fundamental rights .It also urges the Member States to make overtures to public regulations and so grant the possibilities to these people when they desire to change their gender. Some might ask a question why they are talking about gender not sex. There are two different words in the English language to define someone’s genus.Show MoreRelatedThe Black Man s Burden By Henry Louis Gates Jr.1465 Words   |  6 Pagesthis time. Many of the leaders in the Harlem Renaissance identified somewhere along the LGBTQIA+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, and asexual) spectrum. â€Å"Claude McKay, Wallace Thurman, Alain Locke, Richard Bruce Nugent, Angelina Weld Grimkà ©, Alice Dunbar-Nelson and Langston Hughes, all luminaries of the New Negro literary movement, have been identified as anywhere from openly gay (Nugent) to sexually ambiguous or mysterious (Hughes). In a 1993 essay, â€Å"The Black Man’s Burden,†Read MoreThe Role Of Community Youth Work With Lgbt Youth3454 Words   |  14 Pagesdiscuss the role of Community Youth Work with LGBT youth. I remember as I when I was young boy I fancied a boy in my class, how could this be? What does this even mean? What have I done wrong? All the Emotions? What are these feelings? How can I change this? I was 10 years old I felt alone, scared, I didn’t know who I could talk to. 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Donald Altschiller reinforces this speculation in his book, Hate Crimes: a Reference Handbook, when he states that, â€Å"anti-Semitism has had a pernicious history throughout the ages and around the world and Jewish hatred and violence has always been one of the highest of hate crimes. These attacks are â€Å"averaging 85 percent at Jewish Americans† (16). It’s not hard to see that hate crimes against the Jewish is remarkably strongRead MoreHistory of Social Work18530 Words   |  75 Pagesworkers, employees, and public. 1914 ï‚ · Canada‟s first school of social services at the University of Toronto; emphasis of first curriculum on social economics, social psychology and social ethics theories; practice emphasis on social settlements and community work, penology, medical soci al services, recreation, immigration, labor, and child welfare. ï‚ · Canada‟s first women‟s right to vote legislation in Manitoba. 1915 Einstein‟s special law of relativity; forerunner of quantum physics and subsequent sciencesRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesDisposable Worker? 35 vii viii CONTENTS 2 2 The Individual Diversity in Organizations 39 Diversity 40 Demographic Characteristics of the U.S. Workforce 41 †¢ Levels of Diversity 42 †¢ Discrimination 42 Biographical Characteristics 44 Age 44 †¢ Sex 46 †¢ Race and Ethnicity 48 †¢ Disability 48 †¢ Other Biographical Characteristics: Tenure, Religion, Sexual Orientation, and Gender Identity 50 Ability 52 Intellectual Abilities 52 †¢ Physical Abilities 55 †¢ The Role of Disabilities 56 Implementing

Macbeth Truth and Idealism Essay - 1038 Words

What could drive a sane human being to do something radical for seemingly no reason, or push someone to alter their behavior with lack of notice or evident explanation? The answer comes from within the individual’s mind; more specifically, it derives from a plague of overconfidence rooted in a person’s brain by ideals they have let consume their reason. This is very common in people who cannot achieve a solid grasp on truths in any given matter. Macbeth in the play, Macbeth, is the embodiment of this very point. He put complete trust in the witches’ premonitions and blindly acted upon them which ultimately led to his downfall and humiliation. Putting too much faith into ideals and losing sight of reality can lead to overconfidence. If a person builds up an overabundance of confidence they can become arrogant and foolish. This arrogance can blind them from the reality that is present right in front of them. Once Macbeth becomes king he is struck down with this affliction. We witness Macbeth’s arrogance take over when he is in a confrontation with the witches and foolishly states that â€Å"[He] will be satisfied: deny [him] this, and an eternal curse falls on you† (IV.ii.103-105). This statement is painfully ironic and it is pathetic to see how a once intelligent warrior has morphed into a cocky imbecile. It is remarkable how audacious Macbeth has become simply by disregarding logic and becoming too confident in his ideals. If he didn’t get in over his head and used, at the veryShow MoreRelatedBasics of Studying Literature3647 Words   |  15 Pagesreal or imaginary, with whom it deals? If it properly accomplishes this main purpose, when the reader finishes it he should feel that his under standing of life and of people has been increased and broadened. But it should always be remembered that truth is quite as much a matter of general spirit and impression as of literal accuracy in details of fact. The essential question is not, Is the presentation of life and character perfect in a photographic fashion? but Does it convey the underlying realitiesRead MoreAmerican Literature11652 Words   |  47 Pagessupport instructive in values American Renaissance/Romanticism period of American Literature - 18001855 Content: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · writing that can be interpreted 2 ways, on the surface for common folk or in depth for philosophical readers sense of idealism focus on the individual s inner feelings emphasis on the imagination over reason and intuition over facts urbanization versus nostalgia for nature burden of the Puritan past Genre/Style: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · literary tale character sketch slave narratives

The Concept of the Tragic Hero an Analysis of Jason and...

In ‘Medea’, Euripides shows Medea in a new light, as a scorned woman that the audience sympathises with to a certain extent, but also views as a monster due to her act of killing her own children. The protagonist of a tragedy, known as the Tragic Hero is supposed to have certain characteristics which cause the audience to sympathise with them and get emotionally involved with the plot. The two main characters, Medea and Jason, each have certain qualities of the Tragic Hero, but neither has them all. This makes them more like the common man that is neither completely good nor evil, but is caught in the middle and forced to make difficult decisions. Euripides’ ‘Medea’ is a play based on the myth of Jason and the Argonauts. The play was†¦show more content†¦No, no, I will not do it. I renounce my plans.† (34) However, her hubris comes in the way as she decides â€Å"Do I want to let go my enemies unhurt and be laughed at for it? I must face this thing.† One of her motivations for killing her children is also that their death is inevitable; she reveals this when she says â€Å"This shall never be, that I should suffer my children to be the prey of my enemies’ insolence.† (34) She also shows that she loves them when she says â€Å"Force every way will have it they must die, and since this must be so, then I their mother, shall kill them... This one short day be forgetful of your children, afterward weep; for even though you will kill them, they were very dear – Oh, I am an unhappy woman!† (40) This dialogue makes her seem more humane, and arouses pity in the audience as they see her dilemma, and struggle to follow through with her task. Although the audience does sympathise with her, at the end of the day to murder one’s children is an unforgivable act which is why the audience still views her as a monster. The tragic hero should ideally be someone who suffers because of a mistake. Initially, she suffers due to Jason, but in her act of killing her children, she is bringing suffering uponShow MoreRelatedThe Concept of the Tragic Hero: an Analysis of Jason and Medea in Euripides Medea1442 Words   |  6 PagesIn ‘Medea’, Euripides shows Medea in a new light, as a scorned woman that the audience sympathises with to a certain extent, but also views as a monster due to her act of killing her own children. The protagonist of a tragedy, known as the Tragic Hero is supposed to have certain characteristics which cause the audience to sympathise with them and get emotionally involved with the plot. The two main characters, Medea and Jason, each have certain qualities of the Tragic Hero, but neither has th em all

Business Structure and Liability

Question: Discuss about the Business Structure and Liability. Answer: 1. In the given case study, Kate is having a business of women shoes and as the business is expanding day by day so Kate wants to update his business structure form sole trader to other. She asked her accountant to brief her about the various options available for the business structure.I will suggest her following options with advantages and disadvantages of the same. The description of various options is as below- Name of option Details Advantages Disadvantages Sole Trader It is the simplest business structure having no legal entity. An individual is the owner of such unit and he will be responsible for all rights and liabilities. Every contract or legal agreement of business goes in the name of owner as trade name is only fictitious in case of sole trader. 1. Its an easy form to set up. 2. Requires minimum capital structure 3.Legal formalities are very low in this case as this form has no legal entity 4. 1. It has no legal entity 2. Owner of business has unlimited liability regarding, debts, losses and other liabilities of business. 3. Business survives till the owner survives. 4. . Partnership Firm It is the form of business which is created when two or more persons join together with a common aim of running a business. They share the profit and losses as well as rights and liabilities of business either equally or as per the partnership agreement. A legal agreement named as partnership Agreement is made between the partners to run a partnership business. This agreement contains all the clauses regarding how the business will be operated, what will be the rights and duties of every partner. 1. Easy and cost effective set up of firm. 2. Better capital structure and borrowing power is available due to more than one owner. 3. Polling of knowledge, power, technology, shills and resources less than one roof is available. 1.Liabilities of partners are unlimited related to all business transaction. 2. Personal disputes are the big issue in the partnership firms. 3. Risk of dissolution of firm is high. Limited Liability Company (LLP) This the new form of business structure and mostly used in todays era. It is hybrid structure combining the features of both partnership as well as corporation. As the name indicates, it offers the limited liabilities to the owners reading the business debts, losses and liabilities. 1. It is simple as well as flexible form of organization. 2.It offers limited liability concept to owners. 3.Limited legal as well as administrative liability. 4.It combines the best features of both partnership as well as corporation. 1. It is the new form so reliability is low in this form. 2. Capital borrowings are not available under LLC. 3. It is not a cost effective formation. 4. Sate fees are high which is to be paid annually for running LLC. Company/ Corporation It is the most legal as well as reliable form of business. The owner of corporation is the shareholders while all day to day functions are carried out by directors. This form is not depending on any person, it has perpetual life. (Business.gov, 2016) 1.It is the most appropriate form for raising investment capital. 2.Owners are not personally liable for the debts of company. 3. It has unlimited life span. 4. Various tax benefits are available under this form. 5. Transfer of ownership is easy 1. Formation of company is costly. 2. Legal formalities are very high to run and manage the company. 3. All financial affairs of company are answerable to public. 4. Closure of business is very typical. The above table demonstrates the all forms of business organization and their benefits and disadvantages. On the basis of above information, I will suggest to kate that she should form an LLC as this is the new form of organization better than partnership and less complex than company. Presently Kate is running as sole trader business so expansion as LLC will be the best possible option due to following reason- There will be no unlimited liability in LLC Formation and running of LLC is cost effective as well as less complex. Legal formalities are limited. It will be easy to shift from sole trading to LLC Legal entity will be available in LLC form of organization. It is flexible to run LLC. Following factors will influence my advice- Capacity of taking liability by the owners is important while selecting the business structure. Capital requirement and raising capacity is the second consideration Purpose of business and expansion plan in future also influence the form of business. Tax liability is different under various forms of organization so considering the tax implication is also important. Management of business is also important part of business; sole trading business has the utmost control while in other management power is distributed. Cost of forming business also matters in forming any organization structure. (Legal vision, 2016) 2. In the given case study Myra is the single shareholder as well as director of Kids Clothes Pty Ltd. There are total 10 employees in the company. Due to loss in the company, Mayra paid bonus to herself and transferred all assets of company to the new company name Kids Pty Ltd. Employees remains in the old company and company owes thousand dollars for each employees. The possible legal grounds that employees have to claim their entitlements are as follows- It is well settled from the facts of the case that the control or ownership had changed as the assets of Kids Clothes Pty Ltd had been transferred to Kids Pty Ltd. In such a case, Myra, with the consent of employees should have terminated the services of the employees and initiate a new employment in the new company. In case where the employees do not consent to continue or transfer their services in the new company, the employees will be entitled to severance pay, service pay or such compensation by whatever name called, as the labour laws for the time being in force had set for the purposes.(Alrc.gov, 2016) Further, in the present case, on observation of the details it is clear that Myra is the single shareholder as well as sole director, which means that the complete ownership and management lies in the single hands of her. Therefore, while paying large bonus to herself prior to the transfer of assets, it is clear that the intention behind such an action of her was to provide a fraudulent preference over payment of liabilities while settlement at the time of assets as in case where such transaction would not had taken effect, the employees and the secured creditors of the company would have had a preferential right of payment over the unsecured liabilities and the shareholders, namely Myra, of the company. Hence, while providing of the bonus, the director (Myra herself) had not taken a prudent decision and that the same in not in the interest of the company as a whole but in the favour of herself which unveils the feature of corporate or separate legal entity of the company, i.e. the c ompany has a separate entity from the owners or directors. Myra is the shareholder and also holds managerial powers through holding directorship in the entity. The shareholder of a company is personally liable only to the extent of the unpaid or outstanding amount on the shares held or in case of company not having share capital, the amount of guarantee undertaken to be paid at the time of winding up. Further, the director of a company is meant to be the working parts of the company as the company executes its actions through the directors and that they are required to exercise due diligence and competence while executing their duties. Therefore, in case of any fraudulent act by the company, though it is well settled law that the company shall be held to be in default for the same and any suit, wherein laid by the victim shall be in the name of the company, neither in the name of shareholders nor the directors, but where it can be established that the default had been done due to the negligence of directors, they would be supposed to make th e same good. Hence, in the instant case, Myra no action resides in the hands of the employees against Myra in the position of shareholder, but she can be held liable as in the designation of the director. The responsibility of the employees would be the prove that the current position of the entity is due to the negligence or undue advantages taken by Myra creating a situation of conflict of interest of personal benefits and companys benefits. The same could be established through the very fact that the company had been a profitable unit but became a loss making entity and also while the same was transferred to another concern, Myra took out the funds in the form of bonus. Therefore, where it can be established, Myra could be held personally liable. (Iclg, 2016) References Alrc.gov.au. (2016).8. Australian remedies: misappropriation and other defaults | ALRC. [online] Available at: https://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/alrc-80-legal-risk-international-transactions/8-australian-remedies-misappropriation-an [Accessed 28 May 2016]. Anon, (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.schweizer.com.au/articles/Business_Structures_in_Australia_(SK00125445).pdf [Accessed 28 May 2016]. Anon, (2016). [online] Available at: https://blog.ssek.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/02-ssek_client-note-Employment-Issues-on-a-Transfer-of-Business-2012-AsiaIndonesia_RDE-RL.pdf [Accessed 28 May 2016]. Australia - Employment Labour Law 2016 - ICLG - International Comparative Legal Guides. (2016).ICLG: Employment Labour Law 2016 - Australia - International Comparative Legal Guides. [online] Available at: https://www.iclg.co.uk/practice-areas/employment-and-labour-law/employment-and-labour-law-2016/australia [Accessed 28 May 2016]. Business.gov.au. (2016).Start your business. [online] Available at: https://www.business.gov.au/info/plan-and-start/start-your-business [Accessed 28 May 2016]. Findlaw.com.au. (2016).Choosing the right business structure for your business. [online] Available at: https://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/59/choosing-the-right-business-structure-for-your-bus.aspx [Accessed 28 May 2016]. Gorry, T. (2013).TUPE,The Transfer of Undertakings Directive and Regulations-The Essentials for Irish Employers and Employees | Employment Rights Ireland. [online] Employmentrightsireland.com. Available at: https://employmentrightsireland.com/tupe-the-transfer-of-undertakings-directive-and-irish-employers/ [Accessed 28 May 2016]. Labour.gov.on.ca. (2016).Continuity of Employment | Ministry of Labour. [online] Available at: https://www.labour.gov.on.ca/english/es/pubs/guide/continuity.php [Accessed 28 May 2016]. Lawhandbook.sa.gov.au. (2016).Transfer of business. [online] Available at: https://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch18s03s05.php [Accessed 28 May 2016]. LegalVision. (2016).Choosing the Right Structure for your Business - LegalVision. [online] Available at: https://legalvision.com.au/legal-info/choosing-the-right-structure-for-your-business/ [Accessed 28 May 2016]. Small Business BC. (2015).How to Choose the Right Business Structure for Your Small Business. [online] Available at: https://smallbusinessbc.ca/article/how-to-choose-the-right-business-structure-for-your-small-business/ [Accessed 28 May 2016]. Spadaccini, M. (2009).The Basics of Business Structure. [online] Entrepreneur. Available at: https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/200516 [Accessed 28 May 2016].

Decolorization and Chemical Oxygen Demand Reduction (Cod) of Simulated Textile Wastewater Using Fenton’s Reagent Essay Example

Decolorization and Chemical Oxygen Demand Reduction (Cod) of Simulated Textile Wastewater Using Fenton’s Reagent Essay Nature is threatened by the environmental contamination caused by the wastewater produced and discharged every day. Wastes coming from the industrial and agricultural sectors contribute a large portion. One such industry is the textile industry.About 42,000 L of wastewater is discharged daily by each of the textile industries (Maravilla, 2003 as cited by Africa, 2005). Industrial wastewater from manufacturing sources contributes a devastating effect on the body of water as well as effects on individual’s health. Production of large volumes of highly colored wastewater is one problem encountered in a textile industry. It has been estimated to generate 1 to 2 million gallons per day of wastewater (Freeman, 1995). Every textile industry is unique with respect to the type of production and the technology and chemicals used in production.Thus, it is often unusual to predict the characteristics of textile wastewater by using reported values in the literature. Other factors are the d ifferent requirements of the fibers and the different quality required for the final fabric. Amount of pollutants present in textile wastewater varies according to the wastewater management practices and amount of water used in the production. The water consumption and wastewater generation from a textile industry depends upon the processing operations used during the conversion of fibers to textile fabric.Wastewater from the textile industry is characterized with high values of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), which can cause rapid depletion of dissolved oxygen; Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD); color; and pH. The dyeing section in a textile industry contributes a high level of COD, which is toxic to biological life. This high level of COD comes from the chemicals used in the operation. The high alkalinity interferes with the biological treatment process and high color makes the water unfit for use. Due to the harmful effects of the chemicals present in wastewater, intensive researches in new advanced treatment technologies are conducted.Appropriate treatment methods for wastewaters containing toxic or non-biodegradable compounds are developed. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) are often employed in the treatment of textile wastewaters. Reduction of the COD and BOD levels are often done with the use of oxidants. AOP includes chemical oxidation processes using hydrogen peroxide, ozone, combined ozone and peroxide, hypochlorite, and Fenton’s reagent; ultra-violet enhanced oxidation such as UV/ozone, UV/hydrogen peroxide, and UV/air; and wet air oxidation and catalytic wet air oxidation.Fenton’s treatment is a highly competitive method, which is being used in the wastewater industry to treat a variety of industrial wastes containing a range of toxic organic compounds such as phenols, formaldehyde, BTEX, and complex wastes derived from dyestuffs, pesticides, wood preservatives, plastic additives, and rubber chemicals. The advantages of a Fenton process , being an AOP, are process operability, unattended operation, the absence of secondary wastes, and the ability to handle fluctuating flow rates and compositions.On the other hand, it requires a higher capital and operating costs. Basically, Fenton’s reagent is a solution of hydrogen peroxide and an iron catalyst that is used to oxidize contaminants or wastewater. Fenton process has a high efficiency and can even mineralize organic compounds completely to water and carbon dioxide. In synthesis, the outstanding characteristics and principal advantages of the use of peroxide in the suitable combination with ferrous sulphate are: 1) Knock down of surface-active agents; 2) Page 2 of 13Mineralization of the polluter with reduction of COD of about 40-60% and more; 3) Maintenance of the purification independently from the polluting load; 4) Chemical degradation of the polluting agent; and 5) Forecasts of the use of reagents which do not leave pollutant residues in the treated wastew ater through treatment. 2. PROBLEM STATEMENT Actual wastewater was simulated using Reactive Turquoise Blue KNG dye and was subjected to analysis and treatments. The study evaluated the efficacy of Fenton’s Reagent in the color removal and COD reduction of a simulated textile wastewater (STW).It was then characterized in terms of pH, color (PCU), and COD. The effects of varying the amount of hydrogen peroxide (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mL), iron catalyst (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mL), and the concentration of the simulated textile wastewater (300, 400, 500, 600, and 700 ppm) on the COD reduction and percent color removal were determined. 3. 3. 1 METHODOLOGY EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 3. 1. 1 Preparation and Initial Characterization of Simulated Textile Wastewater One liter of 6000 ppm (mg/L) simulated textile wastewater was prepared as a stock solution.Solutions of 300, 400, 500, 600, and 700 ppm were prepared from the stock solution and then kept in a dark container. The initial pH, color, and COD of the stock solution were measured using the pH meter and Hach Spectrophotometer. Characterization of the untreated STW is shown in Table 3. 1. Table 3. 1 Initial Characteristics of the Simulated Textile Wastewater Concentration (ppm) 300 400 500 600 700 pH 3. 39 2. 96 3. 12 2. 80 3. 88 Color (PCU) 48. 00 48. 33 53. 00 54. 00 64. 33 COD (ppm) 217. 67 269. 67 338. 00 495. 67 583. 33 3. 1. 2 Treatment of the Simulated Textile WastewaterThe treatment with Fenton’s reagent proceeded in three levels which include the effects of varying the amount of Hydrogen Peroxide, effects of varying the amount of iron catalyst, and the effects of varying the STW concentration. The succeeding level is dependent on its preceding level. Five glass jars were used as the reaction vessels. Twenty-five milliliters of the 300 ppm dye solution was placed in each vessel. The pH was then adjusted to 3. 2 – 3. 5 using a pH meter using 10% sulphuric acid (H2SO4). After which, 1 mL of 10% Fe SO44†¢7H2O was added.Hydrogen peroxide of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mL was then added slowly and the solution was allowed to react. The reaction was then allowed to proceed until no evident of bubble formation due to gas evolution. The Page 3 of 13 time from the hydrogen peroxide addition up to which the reaction stopped was recorded. The solution was cooled to room temperature. Then, the pH was adjusted to pH 9-10 by adding 1M NaOH to precipitate the iron. The filtrate was then used in the pH, color, and COD analysis. Finally, the best ratio was determined in accord to the allowable concentration requirements.The volume of the H2O2 of the chosen ratio was used and held constant in determining the effects of varying the amounts of the iron catalyst. Using the same procedure employed in determining the effects of varying the amounts of H2O2, Iron catalyst were added instead. Amounts of the iron catalyst were added in 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mL. The best ratio was determined by considering its COD reduction. The amount of the iron catalyst in this ratio was used and held constant in the determination of the effects of varying the STW concentration.For determining the effects of varying the concentration of the wastewater samples, the best ratio that was determined in the second level treatment was used following the same procedure to measure the pH, color removal, and COD reduction for the treated wastewater. The best ratio was determined by considering its COD reduction. 3. 2 METHODS OF STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Similarly, statistical analysis of the raw data proceeded in three levels as well, which acted as the factors: varying the Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2), varying the Ferrous Sulphate Heptahydrate (FeSO44†¢7H2O), and varying the Simulated Textile Wastewater (STW) concentration.Each level’s interest is on the color removal and COD reduction (both are considered as response). Microsoft Excel and Minitab 14 and a few of the SAS system were used in the analysis of the data obtained. Three trials were conducted in each of the three levels where in five inputs (volume or concentration) were evaluated. There were a total of 15 observations in the experimental design. Analysis of Variance (One way ANOVA) was employed to examine the effect of each of the factor on the response (% color removal and % COD reduced).A 5% level of significance was used in the ANOVA. In addition, Duncan’s Multiple Range Test for the experimental results of the % Color and COD removed were employed. The experimental design will also make use of the Multiple Linear Regression to establish the relationship between these three factors. A 95% confidence level was used. 4. RESULTS AND DATA ANALYSES The effect of each level on the Color removal and COD reduction was analyzed using the One Way ANOVA at 5% significance level. 4. 1 VARYING HYDROGEN PEROXIDE 4. 1. 1 Dependent Variable: Color Page 4 of 13 Table 4. Effect of Varying H2O2 on the Color Removal from STW H2O2 , mL 5 10 15 20 25 Average color removal (%) Trial 1 97. 92 98. 60 97. 92 98. 60 100. 00 Trial 2 98. 60 97. 92 98. 60 97. 92 100. 00 Trial 3 97. 92 98. 60 98. 60 97. 92 100. 00 Average color removal (%) 98. 14 98. 38 98. 37 98. 16 100. 00 *300 ppm simulated textile wastewater Table 4. 2 One Way ANOVA for the Effect of Varying H2O2 on the Color Removal from STW SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance H2O2= 5 3 294. 44 98. 14667 0. 15413 H2O2=10 3 295. 12 98. 37333 0. 15413 H2O2=15 3 295. 12 98. 37333 0. 15413 H2O2=20 3 294. 44 98. 4667 0. 15413 H2O2=25 3 300 100 0 ANOVA Source of Variation Between Groups Within Groups Total SS 7. 42037 1. 23306 8. 65344 df 4 10 14 MS 1. 85509 0. 12330 F 15. 04455 P-value 0. 00031 F crit 3. 47805 It can be seen in the ANOVA table (Table 4. 2) that F gt; Fcrit, therefore at least one group for the %Color removed at varying H2O2 levels is different at 5% level of significance. Duncan’s Multiple Range Test for Color NOTE: This test controls the type I comparison wise error test, not the experiment wise error rate. Alpha Error Degrees of Freedom Error Mean Square 0. 05 8 0. 035185Number of Means Critical Range 2 0. 3532 3 0. 3680 4 0. 3764 5 0. 3813 Page 5 of 13 Duncan Grouping A A A A B Mean 0. 8889 0. 7778 0. 7778 0. 7778 0 N 3 3 3 3 3 Ratio 20 5 15 10 25 *Means with the same letter are not significantly different 4. 1. 2 Dependent Variable: COD Table 4. 3 Effect of Varying H2O2 on the COD Reduction H2O2, mL 5 10 15 20 25 Average COD removal (%) Trial 1 89. 28 89. 59 91. 42 94. 03 96. 63 Trial 2 87. 29 89. 13 92. 65 92. 80 97. 85 Trial 3 88. 06 88. 97 92. 65 95. 25 97. 70 Average COD removal (%) 88. 21 89. 23 92. 24 94. 03 97. 40 *300 ppm simulated textile wastewaterTable 4. 4 One Way ANOVA for the Effect of Varying H2O2 on the COD Reduction SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance H2O2=5 3 264. 63 88. 21 1. 0069 H2O2=10 3 267. 69 89. 23 0. 1036 H2O2=15 3 276. 72 92. 24 0. 5043 H2O2=20 3 282. 08 94. 02667 1. 50063 H2O2=2 5 3 292. 18 97. 39333 0. 44263 ANOVA Source of Variation Between Groups Within Groups Total SS 165. 14407 7. 11613 172. 2602 df 4 10 14 MS 41. 28602 0. 71161 F 58. 01749 P-value 6. 97E-07 F crit 3. 47805 From the ANOVA table 4. 4, F which is equal to 58. 01749 is a lot greater than the critical value for F (3. 7805), therefore there is a significant difference in the average % COD Reduction at varying H2O2. Hydrogen Peroxide concentration is a contributing factor for the Color removal. Page 6 of 13 Duncan’s Multiple Range Test for COD NOTE: This test controls the type I comparison wise error test, not the experiment wise error rate. Alpha Error Degrees of Freedom Error Mean Square 0. 05 8 1. 739154 Number of Means Critical Range 2 2. 483 3 2. 588 4 2. 646 5 2. 681 Duncan Grouping B B A A C C Mean 17. 810 16. 342 14. 215 12. 442 N 3 3 3 3 Ratio 25 20 10 15 D 7. 05 3 5 *Means with the same letter are not significantly different 4. 2 VARYING FERROUS SULPHATE HEPTAHYDRATE Similar ly, ANOVA tables 4. 6 and 4. 8 shows F values gt; Fcrit, which signifies that at least one group for the % Color removed and %COD reduced at varying Fe2SO4†¢7H2O levels is different at 5% alpha level. 4. 2. 1 Dependent Variable: Color Table 4. 5 Effect of Fe2SO4†¢7H2O on the Color Removal from STW Average color removal (%) Fe2SO4†¢7H2O, Average color mL removal (%) Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 1 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 2 99. 31 98. 60 99. 31 99. 08 3 98. 60 99. 31 99. 31 99. 08 4 97. 2 97. 92 98. 60 98. 15 5 98. 60 97. 92 97. 92 98. 15 *300 ppm simulated textile wastewater Table 4. 6 One Way ANOVA for the Effect of Varying Fe2SO4†¢7H2O on the Color Removal from STW SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance Fe2SO4†¢7H2O=1 3 300 100 0 Fe2SO4†¢7H2O=2 3 297. 22 99. 07333 0. 16803 Fe2SO4†¢7H2O=3 3 297. 22 99. 07333 0. 16803 Fe2SO4†¢7H2O=4 3 294. 44 98. 14667 0. 15413 Fe2SO4†¢7H2O=5 3 294. 44 98. 14667 0. 15413 Page 7 of 13 ANOVA Source of V ariation Between Groups Within Groups Total SS 7. 21317 1. 28866 8. 50184 df 4 10 14 MS 1. 80329 0. 12887 F 13. 99348 P-value 0. 00042 F crit 3. 47805Duncan’s Multiple Range Test for Color NOTE: This test controls the type I comparison wise error test, not the experiment wise error rate. Alpha Error Degrees of Freedom Error Mean Square Number of Means Critical Range 2 0. 3341 0. 05 8 0. 031482 3 0. 3481 4 0. 3560 5 0. 3607 Duncan Grouping A A B B C 4. 2. 2 Mean 0. 8889 0. 8889 0. 4444 0. 4444 0. 0000 N 3 3 3 3 3 Ratio 5 4 3 2 1 *Means with the same letter are not significantly different Dependent Variable: COD Table 4. 7 Effect of Fe2SO4†¢7H2O on the COD Reduction Fe2SO4†¢7H2O, mL 1 2 3 4 5 Average COD removal (%) Trial 1 96. 63 92. 96 92. 50 91. 3 93. 42 Trial 2 97. 85 94. 49 94. 34 92. 65 93. 42 Trial 3 97. 70 92. 50 92. 96 92. 19 90. 50 Average COD removal (%) 97. 40 93. 31 93. 26 92. 19 92. 45 *300 ppm simulated textile wastewater Table 4. 8 One Way ANOVA for th e Effect of Varying Fe2SO4†¢7H2O on the COD Reduction SUMMARY Groups Fe2SO4†¢7H2O=1 Fe2SO4†¢7H2O=2 Fe2SO4†¢7H2O=3 Fe2SO4†¢7H2O=4 Fe2SO4†¢7H2O=5 Count 3 3 3 3 3 Sum 292. 18 279. 95 279. 8 276. 57 277. 34 Average 97. 39333 93. 31667 93. 26667 92. 19 92. 44667 Variance 0. 44263 1. 08543 0. 91693 0. 2116 2. 84213 Page 8 of 13 ANOVA Source of Variation Between Groups Within Groups Total SS 53. 714 10. 9975 64. 4689 df 4 10 14 MS 13. 36786 1. 09975 F 12. 15540 P-value 0. 00074 F crit 3. 47805 Duncan’s Multiple Range Test for COD NOTE: This test controls the type I comparison wise error test, not the experiment wise error rate. Alpha Error Degrees of Freedom Error Mean Square Number of Means Critical Range 2 3. 625 0. 05 8 3. 707414 3 3. 778 4 3. 863 5 3. 914 Duncan Grouping A A B C D Mean 25. 667 23. 444 16. 889 13. 000 5. 667 N 3 3 3 3 3 Ratio 1 2 3 4 5 *Means with the same letter are not significantly different 4. 3 VARYING SIMULATED TEXTILE WASTEWAT ER CONCENTRATION 4. 3. Dependent Variable: Color Average color removal (%) Trial 1 100. 00 99. 31 98. 60 98. 60 98. 60 Trial 2 100. 00 99. 31 98. 60 98. 60 98. 60 Trial 3 100. 00 98. 60 98. 60 98. 60 98. 60 Table 4. 9 Effect of Varying STW concentration on the Color Removal STW concentration, ppm 300 400 500 600 700 Average color removal (%) 100. 00 99. 08 98. 60 98. 60 98. 60 * Ratio: 1mL Fe2SO4†¢7H2O : 25 mL H2O2 : 25 mL simulated textile wastewater Page 9 of 13 Table 4. 10 One Way ANOVA for the Effect of Varying STW concentration on the Color Removal SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance STW conc. 300 3 300 100 0 STW conc. =400 3 297. 22 99. 07333 0. 16803 STW conc. =500 3 295. 8 98. 6 3. 02923 STW conc. =600 3 295. 8 98. 6 3. 02923 STW conc. =700 3 295. 8 98. 6 3. 02923 ANOVA Source of Variation Between Groups Within Groups Total SS 4. 44651 0. 33607 4. 78257 df 4 10 14 MS 1. 11163 0. 03361 F 33. 07756 P-value 9. 68E-06 F crit 3. 47805 Duncan’s Multiple Range Tes t for Color NOTE: This test controls the type I comparison wise error test, not the experiment wise error rate. Alpha Error Degrees of Freedom Error Mean Square 0. 05 8 0. 007407 Number of Means Critical Range 2 0. 1620 3 0. 1689 4 0. 727 5 0. 1750 Duncan Grouping A A A B C 4. 3. 2 Mean 0. 66667 0. 66667 0. 66667 0. 44444 0. 00000 N 3 3 3 3 3 Ratio 7 6 5 4 3 *Means with the same letter are not significantly different Dependent Variable: COD Table 4. 11 Effect of Varying STW concentration on the COD Reduction Average COD removal (%) STW concentration, ppm Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 300 400 500 600 700 96. 63 93. 42 89. 89 82. 39 79. 63 97. 85 93. 42 90. 96 86. 98 82. 39 97. 70 93. 57 89. 43 85. 15 78. 26 Average COD removal (%) 97. 40 93. 47 90. 10 84. 84 80. 09 * Ratio: 1mL Fe2SO4†¢7H2O : 25 mL H2O2 : 25 mL simulated textile wastewaterPage 10 of 13 Table 4. 12 One Way ANOVA for the Effect of Varying STW concentration on the COD Reduction SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance S TW conc. =300 3 292. 18 97. 39333 0. 44263 STW conc. =400 3 280. 41 93. 47 0. 0075 STW conc. =500 3 270. 28 90. 09333 0. 61623 STW conc. =600 3 254. 52 84. 84 5. 3391 STW conc. =700 3 240. 28 80. 09333 4. 42523 ANOVA Source of Variation Between Groups Within Groups Total SS 564. 30064 21. 6614 585. 96204 df 4 10 14 MS 141. 07516 2. 16614 F 65. 12744 P-value 4. 0146E-07 F crit 3. 478055 As can be seen from the ANOVA tables 4. 10 and 4. 2, F values gt; Fcrit, therefore it can be said that at least one group for the % Color removed and %COD reduced at varying STW concentration levels is different at 5% significance level. Duncan’s Multiple Range Test for COD NOTE: This test controls the type I comparison wise error test, not the experiment wise error rate. Alpha Error Degrees of Freedom Error Mean Square 0. 05 8 3. 340745 Number of Means Critical Range Duncan Grouping A A A A B 2 3. 441 3 3. 586 4 3. 667 N 3 3 3 3 3 5 3. 716 Ratio 6 7 5 4 3 Mean 17. 000 16. 444 14. 667 14. 556 5 . 667 *Means with the same letter are not significantly different . SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The efficacy of Fenton’s reagent in treating a simulated textile wastewater in terms of color and COD was studied. The treatment was divided into three levels which include the varying of the amount of hydrogen peroxide, amount of iron catalyst, and concentration of the simulated textile Page 11 of 13 wastewater. The effects of H2O2, iron catalyst, and simulated textile wastewater concentration on the color removal and COD reduction were studied. The simulated textile wastewater was initially characterized in terms of pH, color, and COD content.The values obtained are 2. 87, 48 PCU, and 217. 67 ppm, respectively. Though the initial color was already an acceptable value based on the DAO 35, the pH was highly acidic and the COD value is higher compared to the standard. In the first level of treatment, the H2O2 was varied at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mL. The amount of Fe2SO4 †¢7H2O and d ye solution was fixed at 1 mL and 25 mL, respectively. The amount of H2O2 that produced the highest COD reduction was used in the next level of treatment where the amount of Fe2SO4 †¢7H2O was varied at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mL.Moreover, the amount of Fe2SO4†¢7H2O that produced the highest COD reduction was held constant for the last level. The STW concentration was varied at 300, 400, 500, 600, and 700 ppm wherein the ratio used was 1 mL Fe2SO4†¢7H2O : 25 mL H2O2 : 25 mL STW concentration, which basically produced the highest COD reduction. From the study, it was found out that increasing the amount of H2O2, increases the percent COD removal. Moreover, the highest percent COD reduction was obtained at the smallest amount of iron catalyst which is 1 mL.However, the increase in the amount of the iron catalyst returned insignificant effect on the percent COD removal of the dye wastewater. In addition, the COD removal decreased as the concentration of the dye solution increas ed. In terms of color removal, the results obtained at the different levels of experiment showed that the color was removed almost completely after the reaction with Fenton’s reagent. All in all, it can be said that the Fenton’s reagent was very effective in treating the simulated textile wastewater containing Reactive Turquoise Blue KNG dye. The iron-catalyzed hydrogen peroxide has been efficient in removing color and educing the chemical oxygen demand content of a textile wastewater based on the statistical analyses conducted. 6. RECOMMENDATION However, it is recommended to conduct additional experiments such as using the amount of H2O2 that produced the three highest COD reduction instead of using only one (the highest among the five volumes) as well as the three highest COD reduced using the three amounts of Fe2SO4†¢7H2O. In this way, interaction between the three factors using a three-way ANOVA can be obtained thereby coming up with the most effective H2O2- F e2SO4†¢7H2O-STW concentration combination in terms of % COD and color removal.In addition, a multiple linear regression can also be constructed for the parameter interaction which will be a useful tool in predicting the % COD reduction specific for the textile industry. Page 12 of 13 7. REFERENCES Copper Blue 2B dye using Fenton’s process. Undergraduate Thesis. CEAT, University of the Philippines Los Banos. AFRICA, V. J. L. (2005). Color and COD removal from a simulated textile wastewater containing Direct MARAVILLA, J. T. (2003). Adsorption of Basic Auramine Orange dye from synthetic textile mill effluent using char and activated carbon from sugarcane bagasse. Undergraduate Thesis.CEAT, University of the Philippines Los Banos. FREEMAN, H. M. (1995). Industrial Pollution Prevention Handbook. Mc-GrawHill, Inc. 829-843 p. HALL, A. J. (1965). The Standard Handbook of Textiles. New York: Chemical Publishing Co. , Inc. ABRAHART, E. N. (1968). Dyes and their Intermediates. Lon don: Pergamon Press Ltd. BIGDA, R. J. (1995). Consider Fenton’s chemistry for wastewater treatment. Chemical Engineering Progress. 62-66. EATON, A. D. , L. S. CLESCERI and A. E. GREENBERG. ed. (1995). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Baltimore, Maryland: United Book Press, Inc.HOLLEN, N. et al. (1988). Textiles. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. 336-340 p. KUO, W. G. (1992). Decolorizing dye wastewater with Fenton’s reagent. Water Research. 26(7): 881886. SNOWDEN-SWAN. (1995). Pollution Prevention in the Textile Industries. Industrial Pollution Prevention Handbook. New York: Mc-Graw-Hill, Inc. SUMALAPAO, E. P. (2005). Color removal and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) reduction from simulated textile wastewater containing Basic Methylene Blue using Fenton’s Reagent. Undergraduate Thesis. CEAT, University of the Philippines Los Banos. Page 13 of 13

Family History and Meaning of the Surname Richardson

Family History and Meaning of the Surname Richardson Richardson is a patronymic name meaning son of Richard. The given name Richard is Germanic in origin and means powerful and brave, composed of the elements ric,  meaning power and hard, meaning hardy or brave. Example: Richard the Lion Hearted Richardson is the 76th most popular surname in the United States. Richardson is also popular in England, coming in as the 55th most common surname. Alternate Surname Spellings:  Richards, Richardsen, Richerdson Famous People With the Surname Richardson Natasha Richardson - British actress.Henry Hobson Richardson - American architect.Calvin Richardson - American RB music artist. Where Is the Richardson  Surname Most Common? The Richardson  surname is most prevalent in the United States, according to surname distribution information from  Forebears, where it ranks as the 76th most common surname in the country. Within the U.S., Richardson is found most frequently in South Carolina, North Carolina, Maryland, Virginia, Indiana, Vermont and Alabama. Richardson is also a very common surname in England (64th) and Australia (76th). Surname distribution maps from  WorldNames PublicProfiler  show that Richardson is especially common in the northern part of England, particularly in the counties of Northumberland and Durham, as well as in York. Richardson is also especially common in Australia (particularly Tasmania and Northern Territory) and New Zealand (Clutha, Gore, and Grey districts). Concerning the Richardson Family Crest... Contrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Richardson traditional family crest or coat of arms for the Richardson surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. Connecting With the World of Richardson Individuals with the Richardson surname, and variants such as Richards, Richarson, Richerson, Riches, Richeson, Richison, Ritchardson, Ritcharson, Ritcheson, are invited to join  this project to  work together to find their common heritage through DNA testing and sharing of information. There is a free message board is focused on descendants of Richardson ancestors around the world available through Genology.com. This allows you to search the Richardson forum for posts about your Richardson ancestors, or join the forum and post your own queries.   Similar to Geonology.com, FamilySearch.com allows you to explore over 12  million  results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Richardson surname on their free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. One can also join a free mailing list designed for researchers of the Richardson surname and its variations. This mailing list includes subscription details and searchable archives of past messages. GeneaNet.org has compiled archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Richardson surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. For genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Richardson surname you can visit the comprehesive website Richardson page at Genealogy Today. Perhaps the most well-known genealogy page is Ancestory.com, where you can explore over 11 million digitized records and database entries, including census records, passenger lists, military records, land deeds, probates, wills and other records for the Richardson surname on the subscription-based website, Ancestry.com. References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.